View source for 1D Syphons

== Introduction ==
A syphon (or siphon) is a hydraulic structure used to transfer water from one location to another, typically over an elevation difference, without the need for pumping. A syphon operates based on the principle of atmospheric pressure and gravity.

The components of a syphon are: 
*Inlet: Located at the higher water level, where water enters the siphon.
*Outlet: Positioned at the lower water level, where water exits.
*Riser: The vertical section that rises from the inlet to the crest of the U-shape.
*Downleg: The section that descends from the crest to the outlet.

== 1D Configuration ==
Whilst TUFLOW does have a specific syphon channel, there are two approaches to model a syphon system in TUFLOW. 
=== Matrix Flows ===
The most appropriate approach to model a syphon is to use a M channel, described in Section 5.8.1 ''M Channels (User Defined Flow Matrix)'' in the, <u>[https://downloads.tuflow.com/TUFLOW/Releases/Latest/TUFLOW%20Manual.pdf TUFLOW user manual]</u>. A M channel can be used to define a matrix of flows between two invert levels based on their respective depths. If this matrix of flows through the syphon can be calculated, or if they are given as part of the operational instructions, then they can be input in .csv form as below, where negative values indicate flows going from downstream to upstream. 

[[File:M channel matrix.jpg]]

=== Storage Nodes & Additional Losses ===
Alternatively, 1d_nwk nodes can be used to account for the storage of the vertical portion of the syphon as the images shown below. This configuration essentially estimates the flows conveyed though the syphon based on the upstream and downstream water level and the hydraulic property of the bottom pipe. It is strongly recommended to calibrate the model result against measurement data to check the accuracy or if measurement data are not available, conduct sensitivity testing.

[[File:Syphon storagenodes.jpg]]

==== Syphon Losses ====
For this method, the main losses for a syphon should be considered: 
* entry and exit losses
* friction at pipe and wall 
* bend losses 

Bend losses (or any extra loss) through the syphon can be accounted for using the Form_Loss attribute of the pipe.<br>
The equation used for the loss of head due to pipe bend is provided below:

[[File:Bend loss eqn.jpg]]

Where: <br>
'''k<sub>b</sub>''' = co-efficient of bend <br>
'''v''' = velocity of fluid (m/s)<br>
'''g''' = acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup>)


The following figure provides bend coefficient values for common bend types: 

[[File:Bend losses 1.jpg |thumb|none|upright=5|Table 8-4, Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications 4th ed.(2018)]]<br>


If you have any further questions about syphons or any other aspect of TUFLOW functionality, please email TUFLOW support:  [mailto:support@tuflow.com?Subject=TUFLOW%201D%20weirs%20help support@tuflow.com]

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