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<font size = 18>Page Under Construction</font>
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=Introduction=
The following section looks at bridges using the 1D component of TUFLOW. Reference should also be made to Section 5.7.2 of the <u>[https://downloads.tuflow.com/_archive/TUFLOW/Releases/2018-03/TUFLOW%20Manual.2018-03.pdf 2018 TUFLOW Manual]</u>. For information on bridges in the 2D domain see <u>[[TUFLOW_2D_Hydraulic_Structures | 2D Hydraulic Structures]]</u> and <u>[[Tutorial_M11#Part_2_-_1D_Open_Channel_with_1D_Bridges_and_Weir_inflow_.282D.29_and_Outflow_.281D.29 | Module 11]]</u>. <br>
 
'''Example of a bridge that could be modelled in 1D'''
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:*automatically simulates pressure flow conditions. The only loss coefficients required to be specified for BB channels are those due to piers, and the bridge deck when it is submerged and not under pressure flow.
 
Adjustment of losses according to approach/departure velocities is the default from 1D channel to 1D bridge to 1D channel. However, for TUFLOW Builds prior to 2020-10-AA, if the BB bridge is linked directly to a 2D domain (typically via a SX link), there is no adjustment of entrance / exit losses on the sides connected to the 2D. This capability was introduced for 2D channel to 1D bridge to 2D channel in Build 2020-10-AA and onwards, and losses can be automatically adjusted based on the approach/departure 2D velocities across the SX connections by setting "<font color="blue"><tt>Structure Losses SX</tt></font> <font color="red"><tt>==</tt></font><tt> ADJUST</tt>" (see Section 6.2 of the <u>[https://downloads.tuflow.com/TUFLOW/Releases/2020-10/TUFLOW%20Release%20Notes.2020-10-AF.pdf 2020-10 Release Note]</u>). For B bridges the default is not to adjust losses (refer to the <u>[https://downloadsdocs.tuflow.com/_archiveclassic-hpc/TUFLOWmanual/Releaseslatest/2018-03/TUFLOW%20Manual.2018-03.pdf 2018 TUFLOW Manual]</u> for more information). In the case of 2D connections, refer to the links below for a discussion on the intricacies and challenges of taking into account contraction and expansion losses for 1D structures connected directly to 2D domains:
:*<u>[https://www.tuflow.com/Download/Presentations/2012/2012%20Aust%20Workshops%20-%20TUFLOW%20Modelling%20Bends,%20Structures%20and%20Obstructions.pdf 1D and 2D Modelling Bends, Structures and Obstructions]</u>
:*<u>[https://www.tuflow.com/Download/Publications/Modelling%20of%20Bends%20and%20Hydraulic%20Structures%20in%20a%202D%20Scheme,%20Syme,%202001.pdf Modelling of Bends and Hydraulic Structures in a Two-Dimensional Scheme]</u>
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:*EntryC_or_WSa: the entry loss coefficients (default = 0.5).
:*ExitC_or_WSb: the exit loss coefficients (default = 1.0).
TheseThe attributes (entry/exit loss coefficients) are determinedadjusted based byon the equations in the figure below, which consider the extent of flow contraction/expansion. For example, a clear spanning bridge over a stormwater channel does not cause any contraction/expansion. Therefore, the change in approach velocity, structure velocity and the departure velocity are effectively the same, and the loss coefficients can be automatically reduced based on the following equations:
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[[File:Structure_Contraction_Expantion_Losses.png|600px]]
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:*<u>[https://austroads.com.au/publications/bridges/agbt08 Hydraulic Design of Waterway Structures (AustRoads, 2019)]</u>
 
Energy loss estimates from bridge piers (or other obstructions, vertical or horizontal, that do not cause upstream controlled flow regimes like pressure flow), are dependent on the ratio of the obstruction's area perpendicular to the flow direction to the gross flow area of the bridge opening, the shape of the piers or obstruction, and the angularity of the piers/obstruction to the flow direction. For example, using Bradley (1978) the approach is to:
<ol>
<li>Calculate the ratio of the water area occupied by piers to the gross water area of the constriction (both based on the normal water surface) and the angularity of the piers. These inputs are used to calculate "J" in the Bradley (1978) documentation.</li>
<li>Use theFigure Bradley7 (1978below) ''Incremental Backwater Coefficient for Piers'' data to calculate "Kp". This is the value that will be entered into the bridge's LC (loss vs height) table as the energy or form loss coefficient. For piers or obstructions that are non-uniform in dimensions or shape the LC table can be used to vary the losses with height accordingly noting that losses will need to be proportioned with depth to reflect the combined effect of the different obstruction shapes/dimensions.<br>
[[File:FHA_Kp_arrow.PNG|400px]]
</li>
</ol>
 
 
==Deck Losses and Pressure Flow==
WhenA waterpressure levelflow reachescondition thecan bridgeoccur deckwhen level,the extrawater energylevel loss can be caused byreaches the bridge deck. Itlevel could result into pressure flow condition where(as water is forceforced through a small opening confined by the bridge abutments and the deck), resulting in additional energy losses. As the bridge becomes totally drawndrowned by the water level, itthe condition will switch back to the normal submerged bridge deck flow condition. withTo submergedaccount for this, once water reaches the height of the bridge deck., the TUFLOW BB bridge tests for either the pressure flow condition or drowned flow condition at every timestep by choosing the flow regime that gives the lower flow:
:*The pressure flow equation is based on the Section 8.3 "All Girders in Contact with Flow (Case II)" of the <u>[https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hds1.pdf Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways (Bradley, 1978)]</u>, with a default deck discharge coefficient of 0.8. This value can be modified using the 1d_nwk HConF_or_WC attribute. Note that the original hydraulic experiment conducted by Liu (1967) used a flume with a pair of bridge abutments and a deck. This means the impact of both abutments and deck are considered in this approach. The entry/exit losses are switched off during the pressure flow calculation to avoid the overestimation of the contraction/expansion losses.▼
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:*For the drowned flow condition, the BB bridge considers extra energy loss caused by the bridge deck/rails using a deck loss coefficient (default = 0.5) in addition to the entry/exit losses. The deck loss coefficient can be adjusted using the WConF_or_WEx attribute or by specifying the LC (energy loss versus height) table. <br> ▼
Once water commences to surcharge the bridge deck, TUFLOW BB bridge tests for pressure flow or drowned flow every timestep by choosing the flow regime that gives the lower flow:
 
▲*The pressure flow equation is based on the Section 8.3 "All Girders in Contact with Flow (Case II)" of the Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways (Bradley, 1978), with a default deck discharge coefficient of 0.8. This value can be modified using the 1d_nwk HConF_or_WC attribute. Note that the original hydraulic experiment conducted by Liu (1967) used a flume with a pair of bridge abutments and a deck. This means the impact of both abutments and deck are considered in this approach. The entry/exit losses are switched off during the pressure flow calculation to avoid the overestimation of the contraction/expansion losses.
The _TSF and _TSL layers can be used to find out the regime/form loss values used for BB bridges:
▲*For the drowned flow condition, the BB bridge considers extra energy loss caused by the bridge deck/rails using a deck loss coefficient (default = 0.5) in addition to the entry/exit losses. The deck loss coefficient can be adjusted using the WConF_or_WEx attribute or by specifying the LC (energy loss versus height) table.
*"P": pressure flow
When pressure flow occurs a flow regime of "P" is reported in the _TSF layer.
*"D": ds water level > the soffit level, but it applies normal flow because the normal flow equation predicts smaller velocity
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*" ": ds water level < the soffit level, normal flow
 
For the legacy B channels, the deck loss coefficient was fixed at a value of 1.5625, which is derived from the discharge coefficient in Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways of 0.8 (1.56 = 1/0.8^2) to approximate pressure flow conditions. Whilst this is reasonable when the bridge deck experiences pressure flow, it will over-estimate the losses once the bridge deck starts to drown out and flow returns fully to downstream controlled.<br>
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=Irregular shaped bridges=▼
In the UK arch shaped bridges can often be seen on waterways, whereas in Australia these types of structures are quite uncommon. Modelling an irregular shaped bridge utilises the hydraulic properties elevation-width (CS/HW) type cross section and an irregular type culvert. <br>▼
 
▲=Irregular shapedShaped bridgesBridges=
;Methodology
▲In the UK arch shaped bridges can often be seen on waterways, whereas in Australia these types of structures are quite uncommon. Modelling an irregular shaped bridge utilises the hydraulic properties elevation-width (CS/HW) type cross section and an irregular type culvert. <br>
<ul>
 
1. Create a 1d_tab HW (height vs width) .csv file for each standard shape (ie. set up a database of the irregular shapes). For the height value you can start at a value of zero so that height becomes depth (this might making the .csv files easier). As the height increases the width changes to reflect the particular irregular shape you are modeling. In the example below, the width at the top of the arch (2.1m) is set to a small value of 0.001m as opposed to zero as the HW becomes NA past the top of the irregular shape. <br>▼
[[File:Irregular_culvert_1.jpg|border|300px]]▼
[[File:Irregular_culvert_2.jpg|border|400px]]▼
▲<br>
London, UK (pht: Rohan King)<br>▼
 
To create an irregular shaped bridge:
▲<brol>
▲1. <li>Create a 1d_tab HW (height vs width) .csv file for each standard shape (ie. set up a database of the irregular shapes). For the height value you can start at a value of zero so that height becomes depth (this might making the .csv files easier). As the height increases the width changes to reflect the particular irregular shape you are modeling. In the example below, the width at the top of the arch (2.1m) is set to a small value of 0.001m as opposed to zero as the HW becomes NA past the top of the irregular shape. <br>
 
[[File:HW_arch_example.JPG|border|900px]] <br>
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GIS example set up:<br>
[[File:Irregular_culvert_attribute_details.JPG|border|500px]]<br>
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2. <li>Any number of 1d_tab lines can reference the same .csv file, ie. you don't need to have a unique .csv file for every 1d_tab line. <br>▼
 
▲2. Any number of 1d_tab lines can reference the same .csv file, ie. you don't need to have a unique .csv file for every 1d_tab line. <br>
 
[[File:Arch HW attributes.JPG|border|300px]] <br>
 
3. One option is to copy and paste the 1d_tab lines across each pipe (if you use a two vertex 1d_tab line there is no requirement that the 1d_tab line is snapped to the 1d_nwk pipe line - they just need to intersect). Each line will need to reference the relevant standard irregular shape HW .csv file (this could be automated using SQL Select if you have an attribute on the pipe to indicate which irregular shape it is). <br>▼
4. The inverts of the pipes should raise or lower the standard irregular shape cross-section to the appropriate height.▼
</ul>▼
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▲3. <li>One option is to copy and paste the 1d_tab lines across each pipe (if you use a two vertex 1d_tab line there is no requirement that the 1d_tab line is snapped to the 1d_nwk pipe line - they just need to intersect). Each line will need to reference the relevant standard irregular shape HW .csv file (this could be automated using SQL Select if you have an attribute on the pipe to indicate which irregular shape it is). <br>
;Real world examples
▲4. <li>The inverts of the pipes should raise or lower the standard irregular shape cross-section to the appropriate height.
▲[[File:Irregular_culvert_1.jpg|border|300px]]
▲</ulol>
▲[[File:Irregular_culvert_2.jpg|border|400px]]
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▲London, UK (pht: Rohan King)<br>
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=Check Files=
The table below highlights some of the commonly used check files when reviewing 1D bridges. The full list of TUFLOW check files can be found <u>[[TUFLOW_Check_Files | here]]</u>.
{| align="left" class="wikitable" width="20%"
 
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Any further questions please email TUFLOW support: [mailto:support@tuflow.com?Subject=TUFLOW%201D%20bridges%20help support@tuflow.com]
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