TUFLOW 1D2D SX Advice: Difference between revisions
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= Introduction =
With the release of TUFLOW HPC (in 2017) and the continuous improvement of GPU hardware compute capability, there is
* 1D timestep selection <br>
* Use of a 1D Node to assign 1D/2D boundary condition cells <br>
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=Base Case=
A simple 1D/2D model has been constructed based on <u>[[
* Type = R (Rectangular)
* Number of barrels = 5
* Width per culvert = 2.4m (i.e. the total width of the bank of culverts is 12m)
* Height = 1.2m
Three 2D cell resolutions have been tested: 5m, 2m and 1m. The figure below shows the 1D/2D linking cells of the culvert.<br>
[[File:1D2D_Model_Stability_001.png|500px]]<br>
This figure highlights the variation in 2D storage volume associated with the 1D/2D SX connections. The storage associated with a single 1D/2D linking cell for each cell size is:
* 5m 2D cell size = 25m<sup>2</sup>/m
* 2m 2D cell size = 4m<sup>2</sup>/m
* 1m 2D cell size = 1m<sup>2</sup>/m <br>
The modelled flow rates in the culvert
[[File:1D2D_Model_Stability_002.png|500px]]<br>
Two key observations can be made:<br>
* The 1D/2D link associated with the 1m 2D cell size is not stable.
* The flow rate results through the 1D culvert decrease with cell size. This is an issue. It indicates cell size convergence (i.e. consistent results independent of cell size) was not achieved. This is caused by the 2D storage volume associated with the 1D/2D connection being insufficient compared to the flow area associated with the 1D channel (12m width). As a result, the 2D boundary cell is the model feature limiting flow exchange between the 1D and 2D, rather than the dimension and hydraulics associated with the 1D structure.
''Please note that a culvert connection to a single 2D cell is provided here as an example. Connections with a 2D cell width less than the structure face width is not recommended. For example, a 12m wide set of culverts should be connected to at least 12 x 1m cells, 6 x 2m cells and 3 x 5m cells respectively. Examples how this can be done are shown in the following sections.'' <br>
=1D Timestep=
Selection of a 1D timestep that is too large can cause instability. The <u>[https://docs.tuflow.com/classic-hpc/manual/latest/ TUFLOW
During real world studies it is good practice to check the 1D timestep sensitivity
* Select a 1D timestep based on the smallest channel length and the expected flow velocity within your model. <br>
* Trial using a smaller 1D timestep to establish whether the problem is timestep related. <br>
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''Note: The 1D timestep for a HPC 1D/2D linked model is the 'limiting' timestep the 1D solver can use. The 1D solver has been reconfigured to act as an adaptive/varying timestep solution, and the 1D timesteps are set at different multiple of 2D timesteps. <br>''
=1D/2D SX Links Defined Using 1D Nodes (1d_nwk) =
As of the 2017 release of TUFLOW, nodes within a 1d_nwk file can be used to specify the location of 1D/2D boundary cells and also automatically assign an estimate of the appropriate number of 2D cells for the connection.
For a culvert, this is done by snapping a 1d_nwk point feature to the end of the 1d_nwk line feature and setting the 1d_nwk point attributes
* Type = Node
* CONN_1D_2D = SX
2D cells will be automatically selected as a 1D/2D SX links. The number of cells that are associated with the 1D/2D SX link will be defined by the nodal storage of the 1D channel. The figure below shows the 1D/2D linking cells in the 5m, 2m and 1m cell size models using this method.<br>
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[[File:1D2D Model Stability 005.png|500px]]<br>
=SX Boundary Lines (2d_bc)=
2d_bc SX line features are often used to connect 1D structure to the 2D domain if the structure width is greater than one 2D cell wide (e.g. [[
The 1D/2D linking cells in the 5m, 2m and 1m cell size models are shown in the the figure below.<br>
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[[File:1D2D Model Stability 007.png|500px]]<br>
=SX Storage Factor (2d_bc)=
A new "SX Storage Factor" feature was been added to TUFLOW in the 2017 release. As the name suggests, this feature adds additional storage to the 1D/2D linking (SX) cells. The storage factor is specified by adjusting the 2d_bc "a" attribute value. "a" is treated as a storage multiplier. For example, specifying an "a" value of 2.0 doubles the storage associated with the 1D/2D boundary. Note that an "a" value of 0.0 assumes a multiplier of 1.0.<br>
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Testing has shown small increases in storage usually has immeasurable effect on results, however, sensitivity testing is recommended to confirm this assumption in different models. For example, if specifying an "a" value of 2 stabilises the link, sensitivity test by increasing "a" further to 3. If there is no appreciable or unacceptable change in results, increasing the storage by a factor within these bounds can be considered to have negligible effect on results.
=SX Boundary Regions/Polygons (2d_bc)=
SX boundary regions/polygons are another feature that was added for the 2017 TUFLOW release. Polygons can now be used as a 2d_bc SX input. All cells with a cell centre within the polygon are set as SX cells. A CN line is required to connect the 1D feature to the SX polygon, snapped to any vertex on the perimeter of the polygon. An example of this configuration and the 1D/2D linking cells produced in the 5m, 2m and 1m cell size models are shown in the figure below.<br>
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=Conclusion=
When the spatial resolution of a model is increased (i.e. cell size reduced) review of result sensitivity at 1D/2D SX link locations is recommended. This can be done quickly and easily by plotting 1D results and checking for unwanted oscillations. This page demonstrated some useful methods for stabilising 1D/2D boundary (SX) links, in particular where the 1D structure is large in comparison to the 2D cell size. Available options that were introduced included reviewing the 1D timestep, using 1D nodes to define the 1D/2D boundary link, SX boundary lines, SX storage factors and SX boundary polygons.
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