TUFLOW 1D2D SX Advice: Difference between revisions

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= Introduction =
With the release of TUFLOW HPC (in 2017) and the continuous improvement of GPU hardware compute capability, there is an industry trend for models of higher resolution. As such, the 2D cell size in flood models is becoming smaller and smaller. Testing has shown in some instances reducing the 2D cell size may lead to model instability at 1D/2D SX locations. This Wiki page discusses this observation, the cause and available methods to correct the instability. Topics of discussion include: <br>
* 1D timestep selection <br>
* Use of a 1D Node to assign 1D/2D boundary condition cells <br>
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=Base Case=
A simple 1D/2D model has been constructed based on <u>[[TutorialTutorial_M03 Module02| Tutorial Module 23]]</u>. SX points have been used to connect a 1D culvert (FC01.2) with the 2D domain. The culvert details are: <br>
* Type = R (Rectangular)
* Number of barrels = 5
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* The 1D/2D link associated with the 1m 2D cell size is not stable.
* The flow rate results through the 1D culvert decrease with cell size. This is an issue. It indicates cell size convergence (i.e. consistent results independent of cell size) was not achieved. This is caused by the 2D storage volume associated with the 1D/2D connection being insufficient compared to the flow area associated with the 1D channel (12m width). As a result, the 2D boundary cell is the model feature limiting flow exchange between the 1D and 2D, rather than the dimension and hydraulics associated with the 1D structure.
''Please note that thea culvert connection of the culvert to onlya onesingle 2D cell is provided here as an example. ItConnections iswith not recommended to use lessa 2D cell width (widthless required acrossthan the culvertstructure face) thanwidth inis thenot linked culvertsrecommended. For example, a 12m wide set of culverts should be connected to at minimum,least 12x1m12 ,6x2m andx 3x5m1m cells, respectively.6 Ifx in2m yourcells ownand model3 you'rex unsure,5m thencells werespectively. suggestExamples tryinghow athis couplecan ofbe celldone widthare connectionsshown andin checking for anythe resultfollowing sensitivitysections.'' <br>
 
=1D Timestep=
Selection of a 1D timestep that is too large can cause instability. The <u>[https://docs.tuflow.com/classic-hpc/manual/latest/ TUFLOW manualManual]</u> includes some discussion on 1D timestep selection and courant number criterion. Conceptually a 1D timestep should be chosen to ensure a volume of water does not travel a distance longer than the shortest 1D channel within a model. For example, if the flow velocity and celerity is 5m/s and the 1D channel length is 10 metres, the 1D timestep should be less than 2 seconds. To provide some tolerance for faster flows associated with different flood events, a timestep of 1 second may be appropriate.
 
During real world studies it is good practice to check the 1D timestep sensitivity.: <br>
* Select a 1D timestep based on the smallest channel length and the expected flow velocity within your model. <br>
* Trial using a smaller 1D timestep to establish whether the problem is timestep related. <br>
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As of the 2017 release of TUFLOW, nodes within a 1d_nwk file can be used to specify the location of 1D/2D boundary cells and also automatically assign an estimate of the appropriate number of 2D cells for the connection.
 
For a culvert, this is done by snapping a 1d_nwk point feature to the end of the 1d_nwk line feature and setting the 1d_nwk point attributes.:
* Type = Node
* UCS = T
* CONN_1D_2D = SX
2D cells will be automatically selected as a 1D/2D SX links. The number of cells that are associated with the 1D/2D SX link will be defined by the nodal storage of the 1D channel. The figure below shows the 1D/2D linking cells in the 5m, 2m and 1m cell size models using this method.<br>
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=SX Boundary Lines (2d_bc)=
2d_bc SX line features are often used to connect 1D structure to the 2D domain if the structure width is greater than one 2D cell wide (e.g. [[Tute_M02_QGIS_1d2d_Link#2d_bc_Link_as_Line_ObjectTutorial_M03|Tutorial Module02Module 03]]). This configuration not only increases the number of 1D/2D linking cells, it also has the added benefit of defining the 1D/2D boundary cells at the approximate location of the inlet/outlet of the 1D culvert. An additional benefit of this approach is that the "width" of the linking cells remains similar in length and location irrespective of 2D cell size. <br>
 
The 1D/2D linking cells in the 5m, 2m and 1m cell size models are shown in the the figure below.<br>
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=Conclusion=
When the spatial resolution of a model is increased (i.e. cell size reduced) review of result sensitivity at 1D/2D SX link locations is recommended. This can be done quickly and easily by plotting 1D results and checking for unwanted oscillations. This page demonstrated some useful methods for stabilising 1D/2D boundary (SX) links, in particular where the 1D structure is large in comparison to the 2D cell size. Available options that were introduced included reviewing the 1D timestep, using 1D nodes to define the 1D/2D boundary link, SX boundary lines, SX storage factors and SX boundary polygons.
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