1D Culverts

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Introduction

• Advice on SX connections & number of cells to connect to 2D domain – implications
• Flow regimes – theory behind each.
• How to check for the flow regime – link to check file
• How do we sub divide logic rules (operational culverts)*
• Losses – fixed, Englehund, automatic manholes etc.
• Provide some justification on the ‘default’ height/width, entry/exit losses.

Flow Regimes

The flow regime through a culvert are divided into the following types. Checking this information for any 1D culvert can be inspected from the _TSF.mif/_TSF_P.shp that outputs the regime at each output interval.

Regime	Description
A	Unsubmerged entrance and exit. Critical flow at entrance. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the inlet.
B	Submerged entrance and unsubmerged exit. Orifice flow at entrance. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the inlet.
C	Unsubmerged entrance and exit. Critical flow at exit. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the culvert outlet.
D	Unsubmerged entrance and exit. Sub-critical flow at exit. Downstream controlled.
E	Submerged entrance and unsubmerged exit. Full pipe flow. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the culvert outlet.
F	Submerged entrance and exit. Full pipe flow. Downstream controlled.
G	No flow. Dry or flap-gate active.
H	Submerged entrance and unsubmerged exit. Adverse slope. Downstream controlled.
J	Unsubmerged entrance and exit. Adverse slope. Downstream controlled.
K	Unsubmerged entrance and submerged exit. Critical flow at entrance. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the inlet. Hydraulic jump along culvert
L	Submerged entrance and exit. Orifice flow at entrance. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the inlet. Hydraulic jump along culvert.

Check Files

The table below highlights some of the commonly used check files when reviewing 1D culverts. The full list of TUFLOW check files can be found here.

Filename prefix / suffix	Brief Description
_1d_bc_tables_check.csv	Contains the tabular boundary data for the 1D section of the model.
_pit_inlet_tables_check.csv	Similar to the _1d_bc_tables_check.csv. It contains tabular data as read from the pit inlet database.
1d_ta_tables_check.csv	Tabular data as read from tables via the 1d_tab layers for cross-section, storage and other data. Provides full traceability to original data source and additional information such as hydraulic properties determined from a cross-section profile. Flood Modeller XZ processed, and MIKE 11 processed cross-section data included. Refer also to the _xsl_check layer.
_bc_check.mif _bc_check_P.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the final 1D boundary conditions (BC). If no boundary conditions were specified, empty .mif/.mid or .shp files are written that can be used to set up a new layer.
_hydroprop_check.mif _hydroprop_check_L.shp	Contains the hydraulic properties at the top of the hydraulic properties tables as attributes of the 1D channels. Other information such as the primary Manning’s n is also provided. Very useful for carrying out quality control checks on the 1D channels.
_inverts_check.mif _inverts_check_P.shp	Contains the inverts of the 1D nodes and at the ends of the 1D channels. Very useful for checking for smooth transitions from one channel to another and with the nodes.
_iwl_check.mif _iwl_check_P.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the initial water levels at the 1D model nodes.
_mhc_check.mif _mhc_check_P.shp	GIS layer of manholes including any automatically created manholes.
_nwk_C_check.mif _nwk_C_check_L.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the final 1D model network. This check layer contains the channels of the 1D domain only. The _nwk_N_check layer contains the nodes. The layers lines are coloured based on the channel type (available for the .mid/.mif format only). Any generated pit channels are shown as a small channel flowing from north to south into the pit node. The upstream pit channel node that is generated is also shown. The length of the pit channel is controlled by Pit Channel Offset == command.
_nwk_N_check.mif _nwk_N_check_P.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the final 1D model network. This check layer contains the nodes of the 1D domain only. The _nwk_C_check layer contains the channels. The node symbology is displayed as a red circle for nodes connected to two or more channels, a larger magenta circle for nodes connected to one channel and a large yellow square for nodes not connected to a channel (available for the .mid/.mif format only). This is very useful for checking for channel ends or nodes that are not snapped. The top and bottom elevations of the NA table at nodes is now shown using the Upstream_Invert and Downstream_Invert attributes.
_WLLo_check.mif _WLLo_check_L.shp _xWLLo_check.mif _xWLLo_check_L.shp	GIS layer of all the WLL objects read. The attributes provide information on which nodes that area associated with, etc. The _WLLo_check layers are written for ESTRY 1D domains, whereas the _xWLLo_check layers are written for external 1D domains, such as Flood Modeller or XP-SWMM.
_WLLp_check.mif _WLLp_check_P.shp _xWLLp_check.mif _xWLLp_check_P.shp	GIS layer of where the points were generated along the WLLs. These points can then be used for Read GIS WLL Points == command. The _WLLp_check layers are written for ESTRY 1D domains, whereas the _xWLLp_check layers are written for external 1D domains, such as Flood Modeller or XP-SWMM.
_xsl_check.mif _xsl_check_L.shp	GIS layer containing tabular data as read from 1d_xs input layers. Contains the XS ID and other useful information on the cross-section properties, etc. Refer also to _ta_tables_check.csv.
_x1d_chans_check.mif _x1d_chans_check_L.shp	GIS layer containing the location of 1D channels from an external 1D domain.
_x1d_nodes_check.mif _x1d_nodes_check_P.shp	GIS layer containing the location of 1D nodes from an external 1D domain.

Any further questions please email TUFLOW support: support@tuflow.com