View source for 1D Pits

=Introduction=
There are predominantly two types of stormwater pits (drains/gullies) used as inlets to collect overland runoff and transfer that water to the underlying drainage/culvert/pipe network; 
* Grated inlets
* Kerb Inlets (side entry pits / lintel inlets).
This page of the Wiki describes how pit inlet data is incorporated into a TUFLOW model.

= Pit Inlet Types =
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Inlet Type !! Example !! Description !! Dimensioned Example
|-
! Q
| [[File:Q pit inlet.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Depth-Discharge Pit or Channel]] || Depth-Discharge Pit or Channel, pit inlet inflow information is defined within TUFLOW via a user-defined Pit Inlet Database and associated pit inlet curves. This approach allows for unlimited flexibility. Any pit design or configuration can be incorporated into a TUFLOW model if the inlet depth-discharge relationship is known. || <u>[[1D_Pits#TUFLOW_Model_Inputs | See TUFLOW Model Inputs]]</u>
|-
! R
| [[File:Side_Entry_pit.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Kerb Inlet]]
|| Kerb inlets, also known as side entry pits or lintels, are common in Australia. The pit chamber can vary depending on overall depth, length, and the addition of any haunched riser units.<br><br>
Width_or_Dia: Sets the width of the pit inlet section in the vertical plane. <br>
Height_or_WF: Sets the height of the pit inlet channel in the vertical plane.
|| [[File:003 Side Entry pit dimensions.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|300x300px|Kerb Inlet with dimensions]]
|-
! C
| [[File:Circular pit inlet.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Circular Pit Inlet]]
|| Circular pit inlet.<br><br>
Width_or_Dia: Sets the diameter of the pit inlet cross-section in the vertical plane.<br>
Height_or_WF: Not used.
|| [[File:003 Circular pit inlet dimensions.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|300x300px|Circular Pit Inlet with dimensions]]
|-
! W
| [[File:Gully pit.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Grate (London, UK)]]
|| Grates, also known as Gully Pits, are common in the United Kingdom and are generally a square grate on top of a circular chamber and a riser outlet. The outlet will then feed into a larger culvert that forms part of the larger urban drainage network.<br><br>
Width_or_Dia: Sets the width of the pit inlet section in the vertical plane. The width is the total width in the direction of flow to the pit. For example:<br>
* Case 1 - a gully pit may include all sides of the pit.
* Case 2 - an on grade pit may only include one side.<br>
Height_or_WF: Not used.<br>
|| [[File:006 CASE 1 Gully pit dimensions.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|300x300px|Case 1 - Grate with dimensions]][[File:006 CASE 2 Gully pit dimensions.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|300x300px|Case 2 - Grate with dimensions]]
|}

= Pit Inlet Data Sources =
Pit inlet depth-discharge data can be obtained from a variety of sources. The most common typically being from suppliers or local agencies who enforce consistent design standards within their jurisdiction. For demonstration purposes, examples from Sutherland Shire Council and Brisbane City Council are provided below. 

== Sutherland Shire Council ==
The Sutherland Shire Council Urban Drainage Manual (1992) includes summary tables and graphs documenting pit grate and lintel capacity information (derived from Department of Main Roads testing). The guidelines are compatible with the standard pit grate and lintel design shown below:<br>
[[File: Pit_Inlet_Curves_SSC000.JPG|700px]]<br>
The capacity of a pit depends on three factors:
* The clear opening area of the grate
* The depth of water ponding over the grate 
* The length of kerb inlet (lintel) opening
The following graphs summarise grate and lintel discharge estimates for a range of water depths and blockage factors, derived from the Sutherland Shire Council design standards. <br>
[[File: Pit_Inlet_Curves_SSC001.JPG|700px]]
[[File: Pit_Inlet_Curves_SSC002.JPG|700px]]<br>

The above graphs estimate unit length and area flow estimates. These unit values can be multiplied by real pit dimensions to define at site depth-discharge characteristics. 

TUFLOW modelling requires the derivation of a unique depth-discharge curve for each pit type within the modelled area. An example is provided below for a single pit location.  <br>

[[File: Pit_Inlet_Curves_SSC003.JPG|700px]]

== Brisbane City Council==
The pit inlet curve examples below originate from Brisbane City Council 8000 series standard drawings: <u>https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/planning-building/planning-guidelines-tools/planning-guidelines/standard-drawings</u> <br>
[[File: BCC_BSD-8077.JPG|border|700px]]
[[File: BCC_BSD-8051.JPG|border|700px]]<br>
[[File: BCC_BSD-8082.JPG|border|700px]]
[[File: BCC_BSD-8052.JPG|border|700px]]<br>

== South Australian Road Stormwater Drainage Inlets: Hydraulic Study (University of South Australia)==
The Urban Water Resources Centre (UWRC) at the University of South Australia conducted a comprehensive set of hydraulic studies, examining performance of the most common roads’ stormwater drainage inlets in use in South Australia. The study was carried out using the Centre's unique full-scale road surface drainage test rig. Links to the pipe inlets curves are provided in the following link and sections below: <u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/ Hydraulic Study (University of South Australia)]</u>
=== Transport South Australia ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/transport-sa/ Transport South Australia Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Adelaide ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-adelaide/ City of Adelaide Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Campbelltown ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-campbeltown/ City of Campbelltown Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Charles Sturt ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-charles-sturt/ City of Charles Sturt Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Onkaparinga ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-onkaparinga/ City of Onkaparinga Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Playford ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-playford/ City of Playford Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Port Adelaide / Enfield ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-port-adelaideenfield/ City of Port Adelaide / Enfield Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Marion ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-marion/ City of Marion Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Mitcham ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-mitcham/ City of Mitcham Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Salisbury ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-salisbury/ City of Salisbury Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of Tea Tree Gully ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-tea-tree-gully/ City of Tea Tree Gully Pit Inlet Curves]</u>
=== City of West Torrens ===
<u>[https://www.unisa.edu.au/research/sustainable-infrastructure-and-resource-management/australian-flow-management-group/stormwater-drainage-hydraulic-study/city-of-west-torrens/ City of West Torrens Pit Inlet Curves]</u>

== Spacing of Road Gullies (UK standards: BS EN 124 and BS7903) ==
The following section describes the <u>[https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/tses/attachments/a869ed8e-4470-4286-aef4-7d11af24a597 Spacing of Road Gullies]</u> guidance (UK standards: '''BS EN 124''' and '''BS 7903''') which provides a method for determining road gulley capture rates.
 
The method depends on the following '''Hydraulic parameters:'''
* Longitudinal gradient, ''S<sub>L</sub>'', along the length of the scheme (expressed as fraction). 

* Cross-fall, ''S<sub>c</sub>'' (also expressed as a fraction). 

* Manning’s roughness coefficient, ''n''. Usually ''n'' = 0.017 for a conventional road surface. Other values are given in the following '''Table 1'''. (For more details, please see Section: 5, Table 5.3N of the <u>[https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/tses/attachments/a869ed8e-4470-4286-aef4-7d11af24a597 guidance]</u>).

'''Table 1:''' Values of Manning's ''n''
<br>[[File:Table1N.jpg|750px|]]<br>

* The grating type (P, Q, R, S or T), or the size and angle of kerb inlet.

* The maximum allowable flow width (as shown below by ''B'' in m) against the kerb.
<br>[[File:Figures 1 2.jpg|850px|]]<br>

'''Calculation of Gully Flow Capture Rates based on Equations'''
<br>The equations given in Appendix C (p.g: 25) of the <u>[https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/tses/attachments/a869ed8e-4470-4286-aef4-7d11af24a597 guidance]</u> can be used to determine flow capture rates at different depths, to determine the depth-discharge curve for use within TUFLOW. The method requires the calculations of the flow capacity of the kerb channel and flow collection efficiency of the gully grate. 
*As a first step, a gully grate type: P, Q, R, S or T should be selected. The selection of the grating type will determine the design value ''G<sub>d</sub>'' (grating parameter) from '''Table 2'''. (For more details, please see Table A.2, Appendix A of the <u>[https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/tses/attachments/a869ed8e-4470-4286-aef4-7d11af24a597 guidance]</u>).

'''Table 2:''' Determination of grating type ''G<sub>d</sub>''
<br>[[File:Determination of grating type.jpg|650px|]]<br>

*Road (longitudinal) gradient (''S<sub>L</sub>''), Crossfall (''S<sub>c</sub>'') and Manning's (''n'') should then be determined. Parameter values can be obtained from '''Table 3'''.

'''Table 3:''' Determination of ''S<sub>L</sub>'', ''S<sub>c</sub>'' and Manning's ''n'' 
<br>[[File:Table SL SC N Range.jpg|750px|]]<br>
 
*Further, a Water Depth against the kerb ''H'' (m) range should be provided. (Please note: The depth range can be changed, but the following equations that are used to calculate the flow capacity are only valid up to the kerb height).						

*With the above parameters, the calculations of the i) Flow width (''B'' in m), ii) Cross-sectional area (''A<sub>f</sub>'' in m2), iii) Hydraulic radius (''R'' in m), iv) Flow rate (''Q'' in m3/s) and v) Flow collection efficiency (''ŋ'' (%)) based on the Equations C.1-C.5 which are presented in Appendix C of the <u>[https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/tses/attachments/a869ed8e-4470-4286-aef4-7d11af24a597 guidance]</u> can be completed.

*Finally, the resulting depth-discharge data can be used in the TUFLOW pit inlet curves.<br>

The Gully Flow Capture Rates template <u>[https://downloads.tuflow.com/Other/Inlet_Spreadsheets/Gully%20Flow%20Capture%20Rates_v3.xlsx here]</u>, includes a calculation tab which can be used for the completion of the above calculation processes. Based on calculations and Equations C.6 and C.7 of the <u>[https://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/tses/attachments/a869ed8e-4470-4286-aef4-7d11af24a597 guidance]</u> the maximum allowable spacings upstream of the gully can be further calculated (For more details, please see Appendix C, p.g: 25).

'''Key assumption'''<br>'''Note:''' This method assumes that the route the flow takes around the trap limits the discharge from the gully pot to 10 l/s. This limit is effective in both directions, so any negative head on the gully would create -10 l/s flow back up through the gully and flood onto the road. <br>

== UK Water Industry Research (UKWIR) Inlet Capture Tool ==
In 2023, the UK Water Industry Research (UKWIR) Limited released the Modelling Sewer Inlet Capacity Restrictions Report <u>[https://ukwir.org/modelling-sewer-inlet-capacity-restrictions Modelling Sewer Inlet Capacity Restrictions Report]</u>. The main aim was to develop a sewer modelling methodology to enable the representation of inlet inflow restrictions, focusing on the development of a new 1D model approach to provide more accurate model sewer flooding predictions. The new modelling approach has been devised by combining the findings from a literature review and the development of semi-empirical relationships from academic studies which investigated factors affecting inlet capacity. The new approach allows for 2 types of gully response reflecting 2 flow conditions: Subcritical flow on a shallow road gradient and Supercritical flow on a steep road gradients. A threshold of 0.02 is used to distinguish between shallow and steep road gradients. The reported equations can be used for the production of input inlet curves for TUFLOW 1D pit inlet modelling. 

A template for the generation of the UKWIR Inlet Curve can be downloaded from <u>[https://downloads.tuflow.com/Other/Inlet_Spreadsheets/Inlet%20Curve%20Capture%20tool%20v4.xlsx here]</u>. The template determines both Subcritical Head-Discharge and Supercritical Head-Discharge relationships obtained from the Modelling Sewer Inlet Capacity Restrictions Report based on user input values of water depth (in metres).  Two sets of curves can be generated, curves based on default parameters, and those based on user-defined parameters.  Note, the report is not clear what inlet capacity cap should be applied, so these are not applied within the spreadsheet currently.  However, the user can edit the resulting Head-Discharge relationship to apply a required cap on the inlet capacity.

=TUFLOW Model Inputs=
The steps required to represent pit inlet information within a TUFLOW model is summarised below:
<ol>
<li> Import an empty 1d_nwk GIS file from the TUFLOW file template folder (model\gis\empty).
<li> Digitise points to represent pit locations. The points should be snapped to the start or end of 1d_nwk line features that define the underground pipe network.
<li> Update the field attributes for each Pit point. Refer to the <u>[https://docs.tuflow.com/classic-hpc/manual/latest/ TUFLOW Manual]</u>. The most commonly used attributes are:
* Type = Q (C, R and W are also options if pit inlets based on structure dimension is required instead of using a Pit Inlet Database approach). 
* US_Invert = Used to specify the ground elevation of the pit. If Conn_1D_2D is set to “SXL”, US_Invert is used as the amount by which to lower the 2D cell and the pit channel invert is set to this level. 
* DS_Invert = The bottom elevation of the pit. This input can also be used to set the upstream and downstream inverts of connected pipes/channels.
* Inlet_Type = For Q pit channels, the name of a pit inlet type in the Pit Inlet Database. Multiple Pits can use the same Inlet_Type ID if they have the same design dimensions.
* Conn_1D_2D = SXL can be specified to connect the 1D pit or node to the 2D domain and lower the 2D cell by the amount of the US_Invert attribute.  The invert of the pit channel is set to the lowered 2D cell level.  This is useful to help trap the water into the pit as it flows overland in the 2D domain.  This feature works well in combination with the new Read GIS SA PITS option. 
<li> Update the Estry Control File (*.ecf) to include reference to the new 1d_nwk GIS file.<br> 
<font color="blue"><tt>Read GIS Network</tt></font> <font color="red"><tt>==</tt></font><tt>..\model\mi\Estry\1d_nwk_****.MIF</tt><br>
<li>   Create a Pit Inlet Database csv file. This file lists each type of pit (matching the names listed in the 1d_nwk "Inlet_Type" field). It also provides reference to the depth-discharge curve information.<br>
[[File:M05 pit inlet dbase 01.png]]
<li> Create the Source file referenced in the Pit Inlet Database. The source file defines the depth-discharge information for each pit (determined from the relevant design standards). The column headers must match the entries in the Pit Inlet Database.<br>
[[File:M05 pit inlet v2.png]]
<li> Update the Estry Control File (*.ecf) to include reference to the Pit Inlet Database.<br> 
<font color="blue"><tt>Pit Inlet Database</tt></font> <font color="red"><tt>==</tt></font><tt>..\pit_dbase\EG_pit_dbase.csv</tt><br>
</ol>

An example model including Pits is available for download: <u>https://wiki.tuflow.com/index.php?title=TUFLOW_Example_Models</u>

==Pit Search Distance==
Some agency pit datasets may not have all pit point features snapped to the associated pipe line features. The *.ecf command "Pit Search Distance" can be useful in this instance. It automatically connects floating nodes to the 1D pipe network where connectors are not snapped to channel ends:<br>

<font color="blue"><tt>Pit Search Distance</tt></font> <font color="red"><tt>==</tt></font><tt>xxx</tt><br>
<font color="blue"><tt>Read GIS Network</tt></font> <font color="red"><tt>==</tt></font><tt>..\model\mi\1d_nwke_*****.MIF</tt><br>
<br>
The order of the "Pit Search Distance" command is important as it can be repeated multiple times with different values that are assigned to the 1d_nwke(s) below the ''Pit Search Distance'' command. The pit search command should be included above the the GIS layer containing the pits.

To check if the ''Pit Search Distance'' is working as expected, import the <u>[[Check_Files_1d_nwk_C | *_nwk_C_check]]</u> file to visually see if the pits are automatically connecting to a culvert. The image below is an example of the *_nwk_C_check file and the connections TUFLOW has made to each pit. <br>

<br>
[[File:Pit_search_distance_check.JPG|border|500px]]

<br>
Should you have any further questions, please email TUFLOW support: <u>[mailto:support@tuflow.com?Subject=TUFLOW%201D%20pits%20help support@tuflow.com]</u>
<br><br>
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