1D Bridges

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Introduction

The following section looks at bridges using the 1D component of TUFLOW, for information on bridges in the 2D domain please see the following section on 2D hydraulic Structures and Module 6.

As a typical rule-of-thumb, if the channel up stream &/or downstream of the bridge is modeled in 1D then the bridge should also be modeled in 1D. Ideally any change in the channel from ESTRY 1D to 2D or vice-versa should also occur at a structure (i.e. bridge, culvert, etc) to facilitate the transition in solution schemes. The images below displays a typical preferred setup, however as is the case with hydraulic modeling your particular model situation may be different and therefore not always conform to these ideals.

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  1D channel to 1D bridge to 1D channel
• 

  1D channel to 1D bridge to 2D channel
• 

  2D channel to 1D bridge to 1D channel

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Loss Theory

Details on how the default loss coefficient of 1.56 was derived can be found here.

• Theory
  • Loss types (piers Kp, blockage Kb)
  • Guidance/reference on how to derive losses
  • Make sure to include section on automation of pier losses?

Irregular shaped bridges

In the UK arch shaped bridges can often be seen on waterways, whereas in Australia these types of structures are quite uncommon. Modelling an irregular shaped bridge utilises the hydraulic properties elevation-width (CS/HW) type cross section and an irregular type culvert.

Methodology

1. Create a 1d_tab HW (height vs width) .csv file for each standard shape (ie. set up a database of the irregular shapes). For the height value you can start at a value of zero so that height becomes depth (this might making the .csv files easier). As the height increases the width changes to reflect the particular irregular shape you are modeling. In the example below, the width at the top of the arch (2.1m) is set to a small value of 0.001m as opposed to zero as the HW becomes NA past the top of the irregular shape.
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2. Any number of 1d_tab lines can reference the same .csv file, ie. you don't need to have a unique .csv file for every 1d_tab line.
3. One option is to copy and paste the 1d_tab lines across each pipe (if you use a two vertex 1d_tab line there is no requirement that the 1d_tab line is snapped to the 1d_nwk pipe line - they just need to intersect). Each line will need to reference the relevant standard irregular shape HW .csv file (this could be automated using SQL Select if you have an attribute on the pipe to indicate which irregular shape it is).
4. The inverts of the pipes should raise or lower the standard irregular shape cross-section to the appropriate height.

Real world examples

Typical checks

The table below highlights some of the commonly used check files when reviewing 1D bridges. The full list of TUFLOW check files can be found here.

Filename prefix / suffix	Brief Description
_1d_bc_tables_check.csv	Contains the inverts of the 1D nodes and at the ends of the 1D channels. Very useful for checking for smooth transitions from one channel to another and with the nodes.
1d_ta_tables_check.csv	Tabular data as read from tables via the 1d_tab layers for cross-section, storage and other data. Provides full traceability to original data source and additional information such as hydraulic properties determined from a cross-section profile. Flood Modeller XZ processed, and MIKE 11 processed cross-section data included. Refer also to the _xsl_check layer.
_hydroprop_check.mif _hydroprop_check_L.shp	Contains the hydraulic properties at the top of the hydraulic properties tables as attributes of the 1D channels. Other information such as the primary Manning’s n is also provided. Very useful for carrying out quality control checks on the 1D channels.
_inverts_check.mif _inverts_check_P.shp	Contains the inverts of the 1D nodes and at the ends of the 1D channels. Very useful for checking for smooth transitions from one channel to another and with the nodes.
_iwl_check.mif _iwl_check_P.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the initial water levels at the 1D model nodes.
_nwk_C_check.mif _nwk_C_check_L.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the final 1D model network. This check layer contains the channels of the 1D domain only. The _nwk_N_check layer contains the nodes. The layers lines are coloured based on the channel type (available for the .mid/.mif format only). Any generated pit channels are shown as a small channel flowing from north to south into the pit node. The upstream pit channel node that is generated is also shown. The length of the pit channel is controlled by Pit Channel Offset == command.
_nwk_N_check.mif _nwk_N_check_P.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the final 1D model network. This check layer contains the nodes of the 1D domain only. The _nwk_C_check layer contains the channels. The node symbology is displayed as a red circle for nodes connected to two or more channels, a larger magenta circle for nodes connected to one channel and a large yellow square for nodes not connected to a channel (available for the .mid/.mif format only). This is very useful for checking for channel ends or nodes that are not snapped. The top and bottom elevations of the NA table at nodes is now shown using the Upstream_Invert and Downstream_Invert attributes.
_xsl_check.mif _xsl_check_L.shp	GIS layer containing tabular data as read from 1d_xs input layers. Contains the XS ID and other useful information on the cross-section properties, etc. Refer also to _ta_tables_check.csv.

Any further questions please email TUFLOW support: support@tuflow.com