1D Culverts

Page Under Construction

Introduction

• Advice on SX connections & number of cells to connect to 2D domain – implications
• Flow regimes – theory behind each.
• How to check for the flow regime – link to check file
• How do we sub divide logic rules (operational culverts)*
• Losses – fixed, Englehund, automatic manholes etc.
• Provide some justification on the ‘default’ height/width, entry/exit losses.

1D-2D Connections

Connection of a 1D drainage network to the 2D domain typical occurs using one of the following features:

• 1D inlet pits (more details can be found here).
• Manually assigned 2D SX connections

Information on how to create a 1D-2D connection in GIS are explained within Tutorial 2.

SX Connection Hints

To limit the doubling up of expansion and contraction losses on a culvert (as 1D nwke culverts will already contain height, width, entry and exit coefficients) the 2D flow into and out of a culvert should be as representative of the culvert dimensions. You can achieve this by selecting the number of 2D cells that best matches the width/diameter of your particular culvert. The example below shows a 4m culvert that has used an SX line to select 2 x 2m grid cells to discharge to. Remember that the selection of a particular cell, when using a polyline, requires the polyline intersect the cell cross-hair - see Section 7.4 2D Boundaries within the TUFLOW manual.


Standard SX connections on the 1D network to the 2D domain where the terrain surface (cell elevations) is greater than the 1D node level will result in an Error 2050. Details about this error can be found here.

• 

  2D SX connection
• 

  2D SX connection - Section view

Including a "Z" flag will only lower the selected 1D-2D cell. The level of water within the hole will need to increase above the surrounding surface before it will flow into the 2D domain. Using the "Z" can lead to instability issues so it is important to ensure the DTM modification is appropriate in your model. Details about this warning can be found here.

• 

  2D SX connection with "Z" flag
• 

  2D SX connection with "Z" flag - Section view

Including a Zline or Zshape that modifies the surrounding topography removes any warning or error, in this particular case the Zline also creates a smooth transition for water to flow from the culvert.

• 

  2D SX connection with Zline
• 

  2D SX connection with Zline - Section view

Flow Regimes

The flow regime through a culvert are divided into the following types. Checking this information for any 1D culvert can be inspected from the _TSF.mif/_TSF_P.shp that outputs the regime at each output interval.

Regime	Description
A	Unsubmerged entrance and exit. Critical flow at entrance. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the inlet.
B	Submerged entrance and unsubmerged exit. Orifice flow at entrance. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the inlet.
C	Unsubmerged entrance and exit. Critical flow at exit. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the culvert outlet.
D	Unsubmerged entrance and exit. Sub-critical flow at exit. Downstream controlled.
E	Submerged entrance and unsubmerged exit. Full pipe flow. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the culvert outlet.
F	Submerged entrance and exit. Full pipe flow. Downstream controlled.
G	No flow. Dry or flap-gate active.
H	Submerged entrance and unsubmerged exit. Adverse slope. Downstream controlled.
J	Unsubmerged entrance and exit. Adverse slope. Downstream controlled.
K	Unsubmerged entrance and submerged exit. Critical flow at entrance. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the inlet. Hydraulic jump along culvert
L	Submerged entrance and exit. Orifice flow at entrance. Upstream controlled with the flow control at the inlet. Hydraulic jump along culvert.

Example of the _TSF results in GIS:

The GIS results for the _TSF layer show the flow regime that was recorded at each output interval.

Typical check files used

The table below highlights some of the commonly used check files when reviewing 1D culverts. The full list of TUFLOW check files can be found here.

Filename prefix / suffix	Brief Description
_inverts_check.mif _inverts_check_P.shp	Contains the inverts of the 1D nodes and at the ends of the 1D channels. Very useful for checking for smooth transitions from one channel to another and with the nodes.
_iwl_check.mif _iwl_check_P.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the initial water levels at the 1D model nodes.
_nwk_C_check.mif _nwk_C_check_L.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the final 1D model network. This check layer contains the channels of the 1D domain only. The _nwk_N_check layer contains the nodes. The layers lines are coloured based on the channel type (available for the .mid/.mif format only). Any generated pit channels are shown as a small channel flowing from north to south into the pit node. The upstream pit channel node that is generated is also shown. The length of the pit channel is controlled by Pit Channel Offset == command.
_nwk_N_check.mif _nwk_N_check_P.shp	GIS .mif/.mid or .shp files of the final 1D model network. This check layer contains the nodes of the 1D domain only. The _nwk_C_check layer contains the channels. The node symbology is displayed as a red circle for nodes connected to two or more channels, a larger magenta circle for nodes connected to one channel and a large yellow square for nodes not connected to a channel (available for the .mid/.mif format only). This is very useful for checking for channel ends or nodes that are not snapped. The top and bottom elevations of the NA table at nodes is now shown using the Upstream_Invert and Downstream_Invert attributes.

Any further questions please email TUFLOW support: support@tuflow.com